The Significance of Russian Leaders Throughout History †History Essay

The Significance of Russian Leaders Throughout History – History Essay Free Online Research Papers The Significance of Russian Leaders Throughout History History Essay â€Å"The history of Russia provides us with incontrovertible evidence of the significance of the individual in history. Ivan the Terrible, Peter the Great, Catherine II, Alexander II, Nicholas II, and Lenin each altered the course of Russia’s political and social development, either through force of personality or failure to perceive the need for reform. For better or for worse, the trajectory of Russian history relied overwhelmingly on the actions of these personalities.† Throughout Russia’s turbulent past, there were decision makers and rule breakers; individuals ruling with iron fists and solid wills greatly influenced the nation’s socio-political development. Ivan IV, Peter I, Catherine II, Alexander II, Nicholas II, and Lenin each prove that an individual may alter the course of history, whether for better or worse. Ivans oprichnina, Peters massive westernizing reforms, Catherines charter to the nobility, Alexanders emancipation of the serfs, Nicholas failure to perceive the need for reform, and Lenins fight for the proletariat are some of the examples of individuals’ immeasurable impact on the history of Russia. Describe what kind of impact he had. Ivan IV (the Terrible) ruled Russia from 1547 to 1584, and his reign as the first tsar was marked by two incontrovertibly different stages- pre-oprichnina and post-oprichnina. Before his reign of terror through the oprichnina, Ivan ruled as a fairly peaceful Tsar. He assembled the zemskii sobor (assembly of the land), which consisted of his leading subjects: mainly boyars and leaders of the church. However, the assembly’s composition- much like the intervals on which it convened- was unpredictable, sometimes consisting of the aforementioned groups and sometimes of the poorer nobility, merchants, and artisans who happened to be in the city at the time. The sobor had no real power under Ivan; it was used as a figurative seal of approval to legitimize his decisions. In 1613, it managed to play a significant role in Russian politics when it selected Mikhail Romanov as Tsar, effectively initiating the Romanov Dynasty and all of its future des cendents. [How does this relate to an Ivan’s individual impact on Russia?] Another highpoint in Ivan’s reign was the conquest of Kazan and Astrakhan in 1552 and 1556, respectfully. Finally, Ivan purged the land of permanent Tatar presence, and advanced the Russian borders to encompass the Volga River system in its entirety. These Muscovite Victories against the Tatars were in part thanks to military reforms passed by the Tsar in 1550s, which included the creation of six companies of strel’tsy (musketeers), and in 1556, a decree on nobles’ military obligations. Before the formation of the strel’tsy, Russia lacked an artillery division; the reform served to modernize the army. The decree on the nobles’ military services stated that each noble must appear for mobilization or inspection with one fully equipped cavalry unit for every one hundred chetverti (four hundred acres) of land they possessed. In addition to his†¦[restate what you talked about], he carried out sweeping reforms concerning the central and local governments. This was the first time a Russian ruler [I don’t like this word, change it] attempted to solve the problem of administrating over such vast distances. The new system aimed to minimize corruption among local officials, who had been inclined toward bribery. Locally, Ivan __ gave local residents the right to elect their local officials; nationally, Ivan attempted [did he fail?] to create a central bureaucracy, organized by prikazy (chancellery), which were responsible for their own aspects of government [such as†¦]. Ivan’s tumultuous period from 1565-1572, came with the oprichnina: a separate administration, court, and __ army that would carry out his orders. Best described, as a reign of terror against those Ivan believed to be his enemies- whether boyar, noble, countryman, or the entire city of Novgorod- the oprichnina caused mass casualties and brutality throughout the country. Novgorod, a great center of commerce, fell into a depression and declined after the oprichniki [you haven’t explained what the oprichniki are] sacked and killed much of its populace. By the end, it was no better than â€Å"a run-of-the-mill provincial town† . During this period, Ivan also waged war against Livonia, a war that caused great pains, especially __ considering that Livonia allied itself with Poland to defeat Russia [did they actually defeat Russia?] . The war, the oprichnina, and a minor case of the plague, contributed to mass depopulation and peasant migration [from where?] to lands mor e fertile and politically stable, such as the recently annexed regions around Kazan and Astrakhan. Ivan understood that such peasant movement negatively affected the well-being of the lower nobles and landlords, thus, in 1580 the Tsar put an end to peasant mobility, even during the two weeks that surrounded St. George’s Day, when mobility was previously allowed. This action essentially planted the seeds of serfdom, which, as an institution, dominated Russia’s economy and most of its population up to Alexander II’s Emancipation Proclamation in 1861. Serfdom is also believed to have contributed to Russia’s backwardness when compared to Western Europe, for serfs worked the land without ambition, compared to European farmers who had personal stake in their lands. [Now, sum up why Ivan has shown that an individual can change the history of Russia†¦ put all of his â€Å"accomplishments† in a concluding sentence. You can’t just end it there. T his will provide an opportunity to add a transitory sentence at the beginning of the next paragraph.] The rule of Peter the Great marked a turning point in Russian history. It is questionable whether Peter’s reforms and institutions proved advantageous to Russia’s development, even when taking into account the long years they endured. His implementation of the Senate lasted from 1711 to December of 1917, 206 years later; the Holy Synod, the administration of the Russian Orthodox Church, lasted 197 years, from 1721 to 1918; the Soul Tax, collected from all male peasants and townsfolk, endured for 163 years, from 1724 to 1887. He started out with the goal of turning Russia into a military power, but ended up changing the very essence of Russian life. He was not unlike the Bolsheviks of the twentieth century. Peter’s sweeping reforms- westernizing the military, government, and society- cannot be doubted as anything less than revolutionary [this would be an awesome concluding sentence for this point]. After Peter had taken his [you’re making the assumption that the reader knows about Peter’s journey, don’t!] journey throughout Western Europe, he believed that there was a connection between its superior military techniques and its cultural life. He forced a cultural reform of the nobility and peasantry, requiring nobles to shave their beards and wear clothing styled after the German fashion; Peter also forbade the wearing and selling of Russian styled clothing. For the first time in history, elite men and women had to socialize in public, and the terem (the women’s quarters of the nobles’ homes) was abolished. However, these changes only skimmed the surface. The Great Northern War between Russia and Sweden marked the beginning of Peter’s more far-reaching and systematic reforms of Russia’s social and political institutions. Having suffered bitter defeat at the battle of Narva in 1700, Peter determined that a mass restructuring of the military was necessary. As Sweden turned its back to an enemy it perceived to pose no threat, Peter initiated his restructuring of the State to turn Russia into a military machine. Peter set up a menagerie of military academies where officers were trained in the latest European military technologies and tactics. He introduced a regular conscription into the army composed of serfs and peasants, whereas previously, the Russian army consisted of the service gentry. Serf recruits were obliged to serve the state for 25 years; they were branded on the left arm with a special insignia, allowing escapees to be identifiable as fugitives. Peasants throughout the land passionately resented the military service. In addition, military reform required arms production on a scale Russia had never before seen; the result was a phenomenal growth in industry to produce metal. Between 1695 and 1725, at least 200 individual manufactories had been created, compared with roughly 15 to 20 that had previously existed. Further alienating peasants, Peter passed a decree that allowed manufacturers to purchase peasants for work in their factories, and later, passed a decree that regulated the procedures factories implemented to employ workers. Under this decree, peasants had to have their landlord’s passport in order to be employed at an enterprise, otherwise they faced arrest and were returned(?) to the landlord. E. V. Anisimov, when commenting on this new form of serfdom, states, â€Å"forced labor in industry foreordained that economic backwardness of Russia which became increasingly evident in the nineteenth century.† It is my belief that Peter, through his necessity for immediate success in war and industry [change this, it sounds awkward], was completely oblivious to the long-term consequences of his actions. Russia remained economically backward through the succeeding centuries, until the revolution. The formation of a bourgeoisie, or middle class, was impeded by serfdom in Russia. Manufacturers enjoyed state-granted privileges that were feudal in nature. Since it was easy and more profitable for enterprises to purchase serfs than free men, an unproductive use of capital materialized; estimates say that fewer than half of the serf labourers were fit for factory work. The existence of a viable middle class may have quailed Russia’s financial woes in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Peter’s attitude towards the nobility created discourse between himself and the nobles. The nobles were the most __ affected by his reforms. Peter envisioned all nobles being servitors of the state. In his vision, every nobleman was to begin service at the age of fifteen and continue serving to the end of his life. Peter also instituted secular schools where sons of noblemen and the elite would learn geography, fencing, artillery, and navigation and anything that would be beneficial for their military expertise. To ensure that young men attended, Peter instituted another law stating that no nobleman could marry until he had passed examinations in reading, writing and arithmetic. As well, The Edict of Entail claimed that noblemen could not partition their estates among their children- the entire estate must go to one child. The others would thus be forced to take part in state service. Further undermining of the nobility came with the Table of Ranks. Whereas the traditional ability to rise through the ranks in Muscovy depended on family wealth, Peter eliminated these privileges of the old aristocracy. The table listed 14 ranks in military, civil, and court circles; all nobles were obliged to begin at the very bottom of the ranks and rise to the top, based on their services and so forth. The noble status was achieved at different ranks for every one of the various circles. This played a very important role in Russia’s development for it was the common people, or the landless nobles that rose through the bureaucracy to become the intelligentsia who sponsored the abolition of serfdom. Many of these â€Å"landless nobles† were well educated and conscious of the plight of the peasants, and being landless, many had no personal ventures in serfdom, thus being favourable towards emancipation. However, for this exact matter, Peter only set the stage with his reform, Catherine II gave the bureaucrat nobles the tools and inspiration. 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Corporate Reporting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Corporate Reporting - Essay Example "Usually mergers occur in a consensual setting where executives from the target Company help those from the purchaser in a due diligence process to ensure that the deal is beneficial to both parties." (Wikipedia) Goodwill is defined as the present value of future earnings in excess of the normal return on net identifiable assets. According to the acquisition events it's defined as the excess of the cost of acquisition over a group's interest in the fair value of the identifiable assets and liabilities of a subsidiary, associate or jointly controlled entity at the date of acquisition. Goodwill is treated as an asset in the balance sheet of a company. The reduction in the goodwill needs to be calculated at annual basis and the decrease should be written off in the profit and loss account. Due to the replacement of IAS22 by the IFRS3 the treatment of goodwill changed to the defacement-only practice in January 2005. The US GAAP has the same treatment of Goodwill and defines it as the surplus acquisition price paid in addition to the fair value of the net identifiable assets. The change in treatment was first undertaken after the imposition of the SFAS142 which transformed the goodwill accounting from changed accounting for goodwill from a paying-off method to defacement-only method in July 1, 2001. As the standard was affecting international groups many of them preferred using US GAAP standards which could minimize the adverse effects of goodwill amortization and was beneficial for the groups The acquiring company should make sure that the value in excess to the fair value of the net assets should not be reduced and hence this difference should be treated as an asset that's not really identifiable. The standard addresses all the issues regarding the disclosure of the information regarding the acquisition and the management can play an important role in making the most of this information. It suggests that an effective business report must have More forward looking information Have more coverage of non-financial value creating information. Should align internal and external information. The model includes different components of business reporting, which are: 1) financial and non financial data regarding the acquisition 2) Management's analysis of financial and non-financial data. 3) Future forecasting information regarding the goodwill. 4) Shareholders and management related information. 5) Background information. 6) Proper disclosure of information 7) Proper information regarding each business segment. The model provides the shareholders and investors with the case of proper information regarding the securities in order to save them from being misallocated. IFRS3 puts more emphasis on stakeholders' relationship rather than on financial measures. Heavy reliance on financial measures has damaged most of the company's reputation. The financial performance does not represent the overall performance of the business. The position of the company in the market and the performance cannot be judge by only addressing the financial measures. The standard recommends that the role of the intangible assets is growing in determining the future performance of a company. The standard provides the solution in shape of focusing more on qualitative measures rather than

The Acute Pain on the Chest during Angina Essay

The Acute Pain on the Chest during Angina - Essay Example This essay is, therefore, going to elaborate on the nursing problems in Mrs. Brown’s case as well as the nursing interventions for each problem illustrated (Anderson 2007). The patient’s first problem is the acute pain in the chest which she rates it at a scale of 9/10. This problem relates to the patient since the symptoms that the patient narrates are the characteristics of Angina. The patient points out that she is sweaty and that she feels an extreme pain in the chest which feels like someone was squeezing out on her chest. The patient’s history of hypertension implies that she has a problem with the circulation of blood in her body due to the narrowing of the airways. The two main priority interventions for this problem are the administering of nitroglycerin to the patient to relieve the acute pain and encouraging deep breathing and coughing exercises (Johnson 2008). Before embarking on any intervention, a nurse should be able to establish the history of the patient in order to match the patient’s condition with the symptoms that she depicts. This will help the nurse in making the right diagnosis for the patient. The baseline i nformation that was obtained by the nurse in the case of Mrs. Brown will include the weight, blood pressure, pulse rate and respiration rate. This information helped the nurse to come to a conclusion that Mrs. Brown really suffered from Angina and Hypertension (Ang, et al., 2009). Cameron (2011) points out that when the patient is administered with a dose of nitroglycerin, the action of this medicine will help to dilate the coronary arteries and instantly increase the venous pooling consequently reducing the rate at which oxygen is used in the body as well as the myocardial preload. The pain that is experienced by Mrs. Rose is due to the lack of enough oxygen supply to the heart making her have a feeling of squeezing in the heart.   This drug will help in the redistribution of blood to the area of the heart muscle (Blackwood 2009). The administering of the drug should be started in the ED sublingually or by using a spray after every five minutes for three doses.

Elementary Education Essay Example for Free

Elementary Education Essay It may seem difficult for some to see just how teaching can become an ultimate job for myself, let alone anyone for that matter. It is easy to see why certain people have this kind of opinion of this profession. For one, depending on the career path and position, the salary is not very enticing in proportion to the work that is required. It is a thankless job at times and requires a lot of patience. Yet there are certain intangibles that make teaching the ultimate profession for me. The simple fact that as a teacher I will have the opportunity to get in touch with and shape the mind of today’s youth to allow them to see the wonderful opportunities for them in this world is worth more than any remuneration that the job can provide. The satisfaction from being able to help young children fulfill their dreams and realize their full potential is something that cannot be measured by dollars and cents. This is where my educational philosophy comes from. I have always believed that there is no other better way to learn than by teaching. Many people say that you lean best by studying yet I disagree and say that one always learns best when teaching. Education is a two way street. The student learns from the teacher and the teacher learns about the student and more about life. Often times, the problem is that there is a communication barrier that exists between students and teachers. This makes it more difficult to impart anything upon the student because they are not as receptive. Another aspect that makes it more challenging arises from the fact that the learning curve that the teacher adopts may not necessarily be the one best suited for the student. This is often the case when there is no communication between the student and the teacher as caused by this carrier. For this reason, I believe that a lot of the teaching and learning must be accompanied with a certain level of respect in order to allow free intercourse of ideas that develop the learning. This approach, I believe, makes the teaching environment more productive as it cultivates respect for the teacher and the student. There is no greater joy in life than knowing as a teacher that you have done something to change the life of another. The development of the child is paramount in education. This development, however, is not only with regard to certain matters or fields of study but is more holistic in the sense that it challenges the child to not be content with what was learned but instead yearn for more. In child development, the teacher must always strive to make the child want to learn more. It is this type of preparation that aids in the development of the child. The role of teachers then becomes important in the context of child development because teachers need to understand what they are supposed to do. Many people have the mistaken impression that as teachers their role is to simply provide the student with information. The problem with this is that it imparts a static education. In order to become more effective as a teacher, one must realize that the role of the teacher is not to teach everything to the child but to equip the child to be able to learn more on his own. Teachers are guides. Teachers are not encyclopedias that just dispense any information at hand. Teachers should know that their role is to inspire in the child the desire to pursue higher learning. Teaching is a noble profession. In the hands of the teachers are entrusted the future of today’s youth. This important position in society is one that must not be taken lightly and must be revered. Yet in order for this to happen, a teacher must realize the importance of his or her job and the responsibilities that accompany such a privileged and indispensable role in society. To lead the children on that first step to a higher education is one of the greatest accomplishments that a teacher can hope to do.

Essay --

Ethics in School Psychology School psychologists are presented with making ethical decisions on a daily basis due to the delicate balance between the needs of schools, parents, and children. What may be in the best interest of the child may conflict with the desires of the parents or may require services the school would rather ignore. Ethical dilemmas become increasingly complicated when state or federal laws conflict with ethical principles that could result in legal consequences. Ethical issues are a critical component for both the training and professional guidelines for the American Psychological Association (APA) and the National Association of School Psychology (Nagle, 1987). The current paper will provide an overview of the four overarching NASP ethical principles alongside examples of common ethical dilemmas faced by school psychologists. Respecting the Dignity and Rights of All Persons The first principle outlined by NASP (2010) states that: School psychologists engage only in professional practices that maintain the dignity of all individuals. In their words and actions, school psychologists demonstrate respect for the autonomy of persons and their right to self-determination, respect for privacy, and a commitment to just and fair treatment of all persons. (p. 302). Additional principles subsumed under this overarching principle include: (a) autonomy and self-determination; (b) privacy and confidentiality; (c) fairness and justice. Autonomy and self-determination respects each individual’s right to make decisions that affect him or herself including consent and assent processes. There are ethical exceptions to parental consent, such as consultation services to a teacher regarding interventions with a child tha... ...e of school psychologists’ responsibilities demands an effective strategy to approach ethical dilemmas. Conclusion Ethical considerations are an integral component to every school psychologists’ job. NASP (2010) outlines four overarching ethical principles including: (a) respecting the dignity and rights of all persons; (b) professional competence and responsibility; (c) honesty and integrity in professional relationships; (d) responsibility to schools, families, communities, the profession, and society. These principles elucidate the complex nature of possible ethical dilemmas that can arise across the diverse range of school psychologists’ roles. A thorough knowledge of ethics and law make up the foundation for providing effective services to students, families, and schools. Without an understanding of ethics, school psychologists could do more harm than good.

Eiichiro Oda

EIICHIRO ODA was born January 1, 1975 in the city of Kumamoto (in the prefecture of Kumamoto). He decided to pursue a career as a a manga artist at the age of 4 (because they didn't have to work in companies as adults). Unlike many youth who give up this dream, he kept nurturing it as he grew up; and at age 17, he received a Silver Honors (â€Å"jun-nyuusen†), the second highest honor available (that's why I translitersated â€Å"jun†, which usually means â€Å"sub†, as â€Å"silver†) from the 44th semi-annual Tezuka Awards (a â€Å"story† manga artist scouting contest co-hosted by the editorial staffs of Weekly Jump and Monthly Jump, this is the contest that many other familiar Weekly Jump faces, such as Yoshihiro Togashi, Hiroyuki Takei, Daisuke Higuchi, Takeshi Obata, Masanori Morita, Ryu Fujisaki, and even Masakazu Katsura got their big breaks) with his short story, WANTED!. His pen-name back then was â€Å"Getsu ka sui moku kin do†, i. e. â€Å"Moon Fire Water Wood Gold Earth†, or more commonly, â€Å"Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat†. ) His first work as a pro was Kami Kara Mirai no Present (A Gift of the Future from God), published in the October 1993 issue of Jump Original (Monthly Jump's bimonthly spinoff). His talent was further noticed by the Weekly Jump staff when he got Gold Honors (â€Å"nyuusen†, i. e. he top honors much like a gold medal, which explains the transliteration once again) in the Hop-Step Awards (WJ's monthly talent scout contest, now called the Tenkaichi Manga Awards) in 1993 with his work Ikki Yakou (One Devil's Night Trip). In 1994, he decided to leave college after the end of his freshman year to head out to Tokyo, and there, he studied as an assistant for three Jump authors: Shinobu Kaitani (Midoriyama Police Gang), Masaya Tokuhiro (Jungle no Ouja Tar-chan and Mizu no Tomodachi Kapparman), and Nobuhiro Watsuki (Rurouni Kenshin). During his apprenticehood, Mr. Oda published two short stories: Monsters in the 1994 Autumn Special (the seasonal spinoff magazine created by the Weekly Jump staff, now called Akamaru Jump) and the first of the two versions of Romance Dawn in the 1996 Summer Special. A few months later, he broke into the pages of Weekly Jump with the second incarnation of Romance Dawn, published in issue #41 of 1996. And as with any other short story that does well in Jump, the series ONE PIECE (yeah, the one that you're reading this website for) started in #34 of 1997†¦ and the rest is history. =)

The Colorado River And The State Of Colorado - 915 Words

Furthermore, the Colorado River, located in the state of Colorado in the United States of America has been decreasing due to a lack of rainfall, which mainly feeds this river. Millions of people from other states rely on the Colorado River, including those in Arizona, California, New Mexico, Nevada, Utah, and Wyoming. China, also has seen thousands of its rivers disappear, according to a recently published Bulletin of First National Census for Water in China. Many scientists believe that a severe reduction in annual rainfall is due largely to the absence of adequate reforestation projects. Drier air causes water to evaporate more rapidly. Even standing water disappears in some regions. The Island of La Gonà ¢ve, one of Haiti’s largest,†¦show more content†¦Although the following statistics do not show any negative effects on the forests in the United States of America, without aggressive efforts to plant trees each year, the population will eventually experience the side effects of less tree production. According to the U.S. Forest Products Industry Statistics: †¢ Of America s 2.263 billion acres, forests cover 747 million acres (33 percent of the land base). †¢ More than 244 million acres of federal land are set aside by various government agencies. †¢ The U.S. contains 5 percent of the Earth s forest cover. †¢ Despite a 143 percent increase in population, the U.S. has about the same area of forestland today as it did in 1920. †¢ The volume of wood in U.S. forests is about 25 percent greater today than it was 40 years ago. †¢ Each year, 1.5 billion new trees are planted in the U.S. That s more than five seedlings for each American and 2,000 for every bear. †¢ U.S. forest planting currently averages about 2.4 million acres per year. †¢ Annual forest growth has consistently exceeded harvest rates in the U.S. since the 1940s. †¢ Forests of the Southern U.S. (from eastern Texas to northern Florida) have the highest biodiversity of any forests in North America. †¢ Over the past decade, the U.S. forest products industry has spent more than $100 million on wildlife and environmental research. †¢ The U.S. forest products industry employs